What are the different types of surpluses and deficits?
The overall budget surplus or deficit further takes into account top-ups to endowment and trust funds (an outflow) and NIRC (an inflow).
Next, the basic surplus or deficit includes special transfers – such as one-off handouts – but not top-ups to endowment and trust funds.
First, the difference between operating revenue and total expenditure is the primary surplus or deficit.
This excludes: Special transfers (including top-ups to endowment and trust funds) NIRC Interest costs and loan expenses Capitalisation and depreciation of nationally significant infrastructure
Finally, the overall fiscal position is determined by including capitalisation and depreciation of nationally significant infrastructure.
Source: ministry of finance btvisual: chaytanya bandishte, joanna lum