(Baseline) BF-BOF
Integrated BF-BOF with best available technique technologies such as coke dry quenching, top pressure recovery turbine, and low flaring rates for off-gases.
BF-BOF + H2
Hydrogen is injected to the blast furnace as an auxiliary reducing agent, partially replacing pulverised coal injection.
NG-DRI + EAF
Natural gas-based direct reduction, with DRI charged directly to an EAF together with scrap.
NG-DRI + EAF + CCS
CO2 is captured from the flue gas stream from the gas reformer in a post-combustion capture plant.
H-DRI + EAF + Bio:
100% renewable H-DRI with electric preheating of the reducing gas. Charcoal is used to replace solid fossil carbon inputs to the EAF.
NG-DRI + ESF + BOF
Natural gas-based direct reduction using BF-grade pellets. Direct reduced iron (DRI) is charged to an electric smelting furnace (ESF) which melts the DRI in a reducing atmosphere producing hot metal. The hot metal is fed to a BOF.
BF-BOF + CCS
The blast furnace is retrofitted to an oxy-blast furnace with top gas recycling and CO2 capture.
BF-BOF + Bioenergy with CCS (BECCS)
The blast furnace is retrofitted to an oxy-blast furnace with top gas recycling and CO2 capture. Additionally, charcoal is injected to the blast furnace, fully replacing pulverised coal injection.
H-DRI + EAF:
100% renewable H-DRI with electric preheating of the reducing gas. Hot DRI is charged to an EAF together with scrap.