Country
Options
Availability
Accessibility
Affordability
Australia
Onsite solar PPAs; offsite virtual / financial PPAs; supply-linked PPAs sleeved by retailers; green tariffs (GreenPower™); REC (currently LGCs to eventually be replaced by REGO certificates from 2030 onwards)
Medium–High:
Clean energy generation ~40% of mix, with excellent resources (solar and wind) and deep development pipeline
High:
Mostly liberalized power market, with some state-owned utilities and regulated network pricing; open-access scheme for new grid connections and sophisticated PPA market driving new entrant developers
Medium:
Firm clean electricity contracted at a premium to grid sourced electricity, but well designed hedging structures for large users can be cost-competitive; affordability is expected to improve as costs and supply chain constraints ease and new transmission unlocks increased supply
China
Onsite generation; power exchange-based green power trading; voluntary Green Electricity Certificates (GECs); emerging direct PPAs under market reform
High:
Massive installed clean energy capacity, though regional oversupply in some areas leads to curtailment and grid congestion challenges
Medium:
Partially liberalized power market; expanding state-run green power trading programs. Direct private PPAs are still restricted, with evolving regulations under market reforms
High:
Clean electricity is cost-competitive with grid power; green premium is small or offset by incentives
India
Open-access, group captive and third-party PPAs; REC trading; utility green tariffs; onsite generation
High:
Abundant solar and wind resources with robust capacity growth in recent years
Medium-High:
“Open access” corporate procurement is allowed in many states, but rules and extra charges vary by state, adding complexity
High:
Some of the lowest clean energy prices globally. Despite fees (wheeling, cross-subsidy charges) in some states, renewables are often cheaper than regular power costs
Japan
Onsite solar PPAs; offsite PPAs via retailers; Non-FiT RE certificates; utility green tariff programs
Medium:
Renewable generation ~20% of mix, limited by land scarcity and grid integration bottlenecks
Medium-Low:
Indirect/off-site PPAs via retailers common. Complex feed-in premium scheme and administrative hurdles mean limited direct contracts so far
Medium-Low:
Historically high renewable costs. Economics are improving (as fossil fuel prices rise), but green power still tends to be pricier than standard tariffs
Malaysia
Virtual and physical PPAs; TNB green tariffs (GET); RECs via TNB/third-party; onsite generation
Medium:
Steady growth in renewables (primarily solar), though caps/ quotas limit how much corporates can directly source
Medium:
Gradual market opening. New mechanisms like Corporate Green Power Programme (CGPP) and utility green tariffs exist, but quota limits and regulatory constraints still restrict access
Medium:
Clean energy is moderately more expensive than heavily-subsidized conventional power. As the market matures and subsidies recede, green power is expected to become more affordable
Philippines
Green Energy Option Program (GEOP); Renewable Energy Market (RECs); retail choice for 100 kW+ users; onsite generation
Medium-High:
Strong clean energy resources (solar, wind, geothermal), but current supply is constrained by project delays and transmission limits
Medium-High:
Liberalized power market with supportive programs (GEOP, RCOA). However, few active utility-scale renewable sellers right now, creating competition for available green power
High:
Given high electricity tariffs from conventional sources, clean energy is very cost-competitive – companies can realize significant savings with PPAs or onsite generation
Singapore
Onsite generation; RECs (I-REC, TIGR); imported clean energy deals; green retail electricity plans
Low:
Minimal domestic clean energy potential (land constraints limit solar; no wind); heavily reliant on future imports for green energy
Medium-High:
Fully liberalized electricity market and advanced grid, but very limited local clean energy supply. Cross-border procurement frameworks are still developing
Medium:
Clean energy comes at a slight premium over the grid mix today. Costs are expected to drop as regional imports scale up and integration improves
South Korea
Third-party PPAs via KEPCO; REC purchases under K-RE100; Green Premium tariffs
Low:
Limited domestic clean energy capacity and a large supply-demand gap; grid stability concerns restrict rapid scale-up
Low:
Highly regulated single-buyer market (KEPCO); third-party PPAs only recently allowed and require KEPCO intermediation. Regulatory reforms have been slow
Low:
Clean energy PPA prices carry heavy premiums (often 25–50% above standard rates); subsidized electricity prices make clean energy less competitive for corporates
Taiwan
Direct PPAs allowed; Taipower green tariff; T-RECs; onsite generation
Medium-Low:
Rapid growth in clean energy, but projects face delays and only ~7% of power is traded on the market so far
Medium:
Partial market liberalization. Corporates can sign direct deals by law, but bureaucracy and grid constraints from Taipower’s monopoly control make access challenging
Medium-Low:
Renewables like offshore wind are relatively expensive under fixed FiTs; inflexible tariff structures inflate costs, though prices should fall as more auctions occur
Vietnam
Onsite generation (net billing); upcoming Direct PPA program; I-RECs for international buyers
Medium-High:
Large installed solar and wind capacity with periods of oversupply; grid upgrades underway to address curtailment issues
Medium:
A pilot Direct PPA scheme of 1 GW was approved in 2023. Historically, regulatory hurdles and the lack of retail market access made corporate deals difficult, but this is starting to change
Medium:
Clean energy tariffs are expected to be competitive in the long run. In the near term, pilot program pricing and policy uncertainty mean green power may come at a small premium
Thailand
Onsite solar PPAs; I-REC market; peer-to-peer pilot power trade; limited direct PPAs via utility
Medium-Low: Moderate clean energy share today; new government auctions and pilot programs are slowly increasing clean energy availability
Medium-Low:
Very limited direct options yet – only sleeved or pilot schemes allow corporate PPAs. Most corporate sourcing is via RECs or utility programs for now
Medium:
Clean electricity can be cost-competitive when fossil fuel prices spike, but initial corporate deals may see premiums due to limited scale and early-stage market setup
