CoD-CarbonCapture-Ex1

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There are a range of methods to capture and store CO₂, including both nature-based and technology-based solutions.

A set of 10 slides shows either nature-based or technology-based carbon dioxide removal methods, their permanence in years, cost per ton of carbon dioxide in 2023, potential benefits, and potential challenges:
• Slide 1: Wetland and peatland restoration—restoring terrestrial wetlands and peatlands to absorb and store more carbon dioxide
o Permanence: <100
o Cost: $15–40
o Potential benefits: Increase biodiversity; improve water quality; reduce flood risks; ecotourism
o Potential challenges: Release of some greenhouse gases via restoration; uncertain permanence level; long-term monitoring and management

• Slide 2: Cropland, grassland, and agroforestry—improving cropland- and grassland-management practices to enhance carbon dioxide uptake from soils, and agroforestry to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
o Permanence: <100
o Cost: $10–30
o Potential benefits: Increase biodiversity; enhance soil fertility and water retention; agricultural productivity
o Potential challenge: Quantifying and monitoring carbon sequestration

• Slide 3: Reforestation and afforestation—tree planting in deforested or never-forested land to remove atmospheric carbon dioxide
o Permanence: <100
o Cost: $10–30
o Potential benefits: Increase biodiversity and ecosystem resilience; ecotourism
o Potential challenges: Increased demand for land; release of sequestered carbon dioxide; risks of monoculture tree planting

• Slide 4: Blue carbon management—enhancing carbon uptake and storage of carbon dioxide in ocean and coastal ecosystems (eg, restoring mangroves, seagrasses, and tidal marshes; cultivating micro- and macroalgae)
o Permanence: <1,000
o Cost: $25–250
o Potential benefits: Improve marine ecosystems; enhance coastal resilience
o Potential challenges: Monitoring, reporting, and verification for coastal and ocean ecosystems; regulatory uncertainty in international waters

• Slide 5: Biochar and bio-oil—produced from biomass, biochar is spread to improve soil quality, and bio-oil is injected underground
o Permanence: <1,000
o Cost: $100–250
o Potential benefits: Enhanced soil fertility and water retention; uses for biomass residues from agricultural processes
o Potential challenges: Increased demand for biomass feedstock and land; uncertain degree of soil permanence

• Slide 6: Ocean alkalinity enhancement—adding alkaline substances to the ocean enhances its ability to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, accelerating the natural process
o Permanence: >1,000
o Cost: Uncertain
o Potential benefit: Counter ocean acidification
o Potential challenges: Effects on marine ecosystems from alkaline; monitoring, reporting, and verification for ocean ecosystems; regulatory uncertainty in international waters

• Slide 7: Enhanced weathering—rocks and minerals are broken down to increase surface area, speeding up processes that enable them to store carbon from the atmosphere
o Permanence: >1,000
o Cost: $120–800
o Potential benefit: Improve agricultural productivity
o Potential challenges: Environmental and social effects; effects of trace metals in local ecosystem

• Slide 8: Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage—sustainably sourced biomass to produce biofuels, electricity, heat, pulp; carbon dioxide emissions from these processes are captured and stored
o Permanence: >1,000
o Cost: $200–500
o Potential benefits: Additional revenue streams from generating coproducts (eg, electricity); retrofit to power plants
o Potential challenge: Increased demand for biomass feedstock and land

• Slide 9: Direct ocean capture—acid derived from ocean electrodialysis is used to chemically extract carbon dioxide from surface water; carbon dioxide is then placed in long-term storage
o Permanence: >1,000
o Cost: Uncertain
o Potential benefits: Counter ocean acidification; use in coproducts (eg, sustainable aviation fuels)
o Potential challenges: Low technological readiness level at scale; monitoring, reporting, and verification for open ocean ecosystems; high energy usage

• Slide 10: Direct air capture and storage—air passes through solid or liquid chemical filter that binds to carbon dioxide, removing it from the air; concentrated carbon dioxide from filter is stored in underground geological formations
o Permanence: >1,000
o Cost: $400–1,000
o Potential benefits: Use in coproducts (eg, sustainable aviation fuels); deploy across diverse geographies
o Potential challenge: High water and energy use
Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; McKinsey analysis, drawing on data from expert interviews.
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