READ THE FULL VODI REPORT
Maximilian Saia, VP of Investor Research, is here to walk you through the key trends impacting demand in the office sector for January.
The office market, summarized in under 2 minutes
HEADWINDS / TAILWINDS
Copyright View the Space, Inc. 2024
BACK TO TOP
METHODOLOGY
VTS Office
Demand Index
(VODI)
Quarterly Report
Is demand finally thawing?
Get a pulse on what’s happening
in the market today.
See VODI Methodology
Learn more about VTS Data
Among the VODI markets, Los Angeles has seen exceptional growth in new demand for office space. Since bottoming out at 45 in February 2023, the Los Angeles VODI has roughly doubled, coming in at 88 in June.
In April, the city’s VODI hit 101, which means it surpassed its average pre-pandemic level during 2018 and 2019. The Los Angeles VODI has surpassed a level of 100 once before since the pandemic, when it hit 101 in July 2021 (splitting hairs, the April 2024 reading came in at 101.22, whereas the July 2021 reading was 101.17).
More importantly though, is the difference in kind between these seemingly similar peaks. The July 2021 peak was a short-lived spike reflecting new demand for office space during the pandemic during The Reset. In contrast, and despite the pullback in May and June, the recent peak builds on more than a year of sustained growth in new office demand.
The growth of new demand for office space in Los Angeles has been characterized by a rise in the average size of spaces toured. The average space toured in 2022 was around 10,000 square feet, but as of late 2023 and early 2024, it was about 12,000 square feet, or 20 percent larger. For comparison, the average space toured in New York City tends to be larger than in Los Angeles but has remained virtually unchanged, at least since the beginning of 2022.
In 2024 so far, more new demand has been driven by tenants requiring at least 50,000 square feet in Los Angeles than any other market tracked in the VODI report. Los Angeles is also the only market in which the share of new demand from large users is above the 2020 average. This large tenant demand is being driven by Creative tenant demand as well as some large Government tenant requirements.
Large tenant demand tends to be more volatile given their large impact on topline numbers and given the relative scarcity of large tenants. That suggests the current elevated levels of the Los Angeles VODI could subside should large tenant demand ease.
Moving beyond Washington, D.C.:
The indications of gradual new growth in office demand varied across markets, showing up most clearly in Los Angeles and New York City, and altogether absent in San Francisco and Washington, D.C.
Read more local VODI trends
LOCAL
Los Angeles
Read VODI impacts on local markets
New demand for office space in Los Angeles has roughly doubled over the last five quarters, and in April, it hit 101, surpassing its 2018-2019 average.
Read VODI impacts on local markets
LOCAL
At 74, the Los Angeles VODI was 32.1 percent above its level of 56 three months ago, and up 19.4 percent year-over-year. With the exception of a short-lived spike in May 2022, the current reading is Los Angeles’ highest since the Post-Vaccine Wave in the Summer of 2021, when the city’s VODI briefly surpassed 100.
At 74, the Los Angeles VODI is also the highest VODI among all cities reported. The city’s VODI growth owes primarily to a spike in tenants seeking large spaces, greater than 50,000 square feet. New demand for spaces of that size in Los Angeles is now higher than at any time since June 2021. While the WGA strikes may have hurt demand in Los Angeles as of recent, the tech sector made up for that recently.
In contrast, at 21, the Seattle VODI was 43.2 percent below its level of 37 in June, and down 52.3 percent year-over-year.
Flowing at only about one-fifth of its pre-pandemic pace in 2018-2019, Seattle’s VODI is the lowest among all VODI cities. Although Seattle saw considerable new demand in the medium-sized, 10,000-50,000 square foot category, it has seen no new requirements at all for large spaces in the 50,000+ square foot category since June. While the Seattle market occasionally sees a month without new demand in the 50,000+ square foot category, the 3-month absence of such demand from July to September is the only such gap since the early pandemic lockdown period.
SEE MORE LOCAL TRENDS
This refers to the average of the VODI cities’ month-over-month changes using absolute values, so that negative and positive fluctuations don’t cancel each other out.
1
NEW YORK CITY
NEW YORK CITY
SAN FRANCISCO
SAN FRANCISCO
In March, the Los Angeles VODI hit 85. The last time it was this high was during the Post-Vaccine Wave of new demand for office space in Summer 2021 (92 in August 2021). After that wave, Los Angeles saw a gradual decline in its VODI performance, reaching its low of 45 in February 2023.
VODI
NEW YORK CITY
95.5%
increase from August 2022
to March 2024
Read more
Read more
Read more
Read more
Pre-Pandemic
The Reset
The Crash
The Thawing
The Trough
New Demand for Office Space Over the Pandemic: An Illustration
From January 2018 to March 2020, new office demand fluctuated around a level of 100. In some cities, there was a noticeable downward trend in advance of the pandemic: Chicago, Los Angeles, Seattle; in the other cities the VODI was more ambiguous as to whether it was flat or slightly upward trending.
Pre-Pandemic
In Spring 2020 new office demand fell sharply to the “pandemic low.” Nationally, the VODI fell from 102 in March 2020 to 16 in June 2020, a decline of 84 percent. In some cities the sharp fall was followed by a quick v-shaped rise (New York City and Los Angeles); In others, there was a prolonged u-shaped trough (Washington, D.C., San Francisco, Boston, Chicago, and Seattle).
The Crash
From June 2020 through the end of that year, new office demand generally remained very low. In some cities, such as Boston, Chicago and Washington, D.C., the VODI remained more or less flat during this period. In others, such as San Francisco and Seattle, and most notably in New York City and Chicago, this period saw new office demand begin to recover, foreshadowing the phase that was to follow.
The Trough
After vaccines were introduced in early 2021 a sense of return-to-normalcy pervaded. Nationally, the VODI rose from 33 in January 2021 to 85 in June 2021, as demand that had been waiting on the sidelines during The Trough entered the market all at once in a short period. Once that pent-up demand was spent, the VODI quickly subsided from 87 in August 2021 to 61 in October 2021. Although cities whose economies are more remote work-friendly exhibited substantially lower levels of new office demand, all cities experienced a reset.
The Reset
Since October 2021 the VODI has been seemingly stagnant. It trended downward slightly in the earlier part of the period, and bottomed out in late-2022 and early-2023. Since then, it has slow v beaun aainina new momentum.
The Thawing
Explore nationwide trends
The national VODI is gradually rising. In June, it stood at 62 percent of the 2018-2019 average, a 17 percent increase from a year earlier. This marks the 12th consecutive month of year-over-year growth.
NATIONAL
On an annual basis, the VODI was up 17 percent as of June. This was the 12th consecutive month of positive year-over-year growth in the VODI (while sometimes a sharp jump in an index can cause monthly measures of annual change to persist for 12 months, that is not the case here).
The chart below shows the VODI along with its change compared to 12 months earlier, as it emerges each month. Those changes have been consistently above zero for the last 12 months. In addition, the fitted trend line shows that since late 2022 – when the surge of demand during The Reset subsided – the annual changes in the VODI have gradually risen from negative to positive. That rise corresponds to the gradual upward curvature of the VODI series itself during that period.
In June, the national VODI was 62 percent of its average pre-pandemic level from 2018-2019. This level is down 4.6 percent on a quarterly basis, from 65 in March, however that decline corresponds to typical seasonal patterns. New demand for office space tends to peak in spring and then ebb in the summer months. The VODI’s monthly changes in April, May, and June of this year all fall within the range experienced in those months during the years 2018, 2019, 2022, and 2023 (those months experienced sharp atypical swings in 2020 and 2021, owing to the COVID-19 pandemic).
SEE LOCAL TRENDS
With the benefit of sufficient hindsight, it now appears that new demand for office space bottomed out in late 2022 and early 2023. The national VODI’s lowest level since The Reset of 2021 was 46, and it hit that level three times: in August 2022, and again in December 2022 and January 2023. Since late 2021, following The Reset, the VODI has experienced a prolonged period of stability, initially called The Stagnation, and whose latest stretch we are now renaming The Thawing.
Observing the VODI, it is possible to pick up some upward curvature. The VODI has switched from a slow decline from late 2021 to late 2022 to a slow ascent since then. We refer to that gradual change of direction and curvature as a thawing of an office market still frozen by the prolonged aftershocks of the COVID-19 pandemic.
While the curvature is visible to the naked eye, the fitted trend line showing the average 12-month change in the VODI as it emerges each month is akin to an aided observation of the VODI — a metaphorical magnifying glass or lens, if you will. The trend line’s shift from negative to positive territory is a (lagging) indication of the VODI’s shift from decline to ascent, and its positive slope indicates a build-up of positive momentum.
View impact on VODI
New demand for office space bottomed out in late 2022 and early 2023. With remote and hybrid work patterns etching into a new routine, demand is now thawing, and positive momentum is beginning to build.
NATIONAL
SEE LOCAL TRENDS
Since the beginning of 2021, general employment has grown robustly and continuously, but it is slowly losing steam. The pace of growth was extremely high at first, with typical net employment gains of 500,000 to 1 million jobs per month in 2021 as the economy rebounded from the pandemic. Since then, that growth has slowed substantially, with “only” 100,000-300,000 net new jobs per month. Unemployment reached just 3.4 percent in early 2023, the lowest level since the 1960s, but by June 2024, it had risen to 4.1 percent.
In contrast, the office-using sector in the VODI markets has performed more poorly. As of May (the latest available at the time of writing), office-using employment in those markets had actually declined by 3.9 percent since peaking in August 2022.
However, at least for the time being, the office-using sector’s job loss seems to have stopped. While office-using job growth was negative from late 2022 to early 2024, that decline has stopped, and growth has remained almost perfectly flat since then.
Read more national VODI trends
Although the general job market remains healthier than the office-using sector in the VODI markets, the former continued to slowly lose steam in Q2, while the latter may have finally turned a corner
NATIONAL
88
Seattle has also seen its VODI trend downwards in recent years, since the
Post-Vaccine Wave of new office demand. However, it has strengthened in recent months, rising 38.2 percent on a quarterly basis and more than doubling from its low point of 20 in August 2023. Having said that, we want to see this trend continue for several more months before labeling it as a resurgence, as we did in Los Angeles and New York City.
Chicago’s VODI has also been declining since the Post-Vaccine Wave and has remained relatively flat since mid-2022. It is not yet clear in which direction it will head.
Finally, San Francisco and Boston both experienced minimal versions of the Post-Vaccine Wave, and despite some volatility, they have essentially remained flat at levels near or below 50 since then.
Seattle has also seen its VODI trend downwards in recent years, since the Post-Vaccine Wave of new office demand. However, it has strengthened in recent months, rising 38.2 percent on a quarterly basis and more than doubling from its low point of 20 in August 2023. Having said that, we want to see this trend continue for several more months before labeling it as a resurgence, as we did in Los Angeles and New York City.
Chicago’s VODI has also been declining since the Post-Vaccine Wave and has remained relatively flat since mid-2022. It is not yet clear in which direction it will head.
Finally, San Francisco and Boston both experienced minimal versions of the Post-Vaccine Wave, and despite some volatility, they have essentially remained flat at levels near or below 50 since then.
•
•
•
VIEW FULL SCREEN
Join us
KEY TAKEAWAYS
NATIONAL TRENDS
LOCAL TRENDS
METHODOLOGY
COMPANY
National
Local
KEY TAKEAWAYS FROM THIS REPORT
New demand for office space in Los Angeles has roughly doubled over the last five quarters, and in April, it hit 101, surpassing its 2018-2019 average.
NEXT
The indications of gradual new growth in office demand varied across markets, showing up most clearly in Los Angeles and New York City, and altogether absent in San Francisco and Washington, D.C.
NEXT
The national VODI is gradually rising. In June, it stood at 62 percent of the 2018-2019 average, a 17 percent increase from a year earlier. This marks the 12th consecutive month of year-over-year growth.
New demand for office space bottomed out in late 2022 and early 2023. With remote and hybrid work patterns etching into a new routine, demand is now thawing, and positive momentum is beginning to build.
NEXT
Although the general job market remains healthier than the office-using sector in the VODI markets, the former continued to slowly lose steam in Q2, while the latter may have finally turned a corner.
16.6%
%
101
62
Remote and hybrid work are likely at the heart of the story; they were the driving force that produced the grand swings of new office demand during the pandemic years. Remote and hybrid work have now settled on a new normal that now anchors the office market.
More than four years after the onset of the pandemic, it is clear that we are in a new normal where working from home – whether fully remote or hybrid – is a permanent facet of the work environment. Even though working from home is on the retreat, it remains far more common than it was before the pandemic, and that seems unlikely to change.
The grand swings of new demand reached their conclusion after late 2022, and the period of stability that has followed since is the new baseline from which new office demand can once again grow. We are seeing that growth emerge.
Read more
All that said, the thawing of the office market does not mean that the office market is flooded with new demand for office space. On the contrary, the thawing appears to be slow and gradual. And as we note further below, there are substantial differences in how all that is playing out in different VODI markets.
What does this mean for office demand?
Stronger employment in the office-using sector is likely to fuel greater demand for office space (yes, even with hybrid schedules). Moreover, recent months have seen work-from-home rates decline (see next chart), which means that growth in office-using employment can yield a greater need for office space than it would otherwise.
However, any strengthening of the office-using job market tends to support employees’ bargaining power, which often means more work-from-home, blunting the positive effect on office demand.
The thawing of the office market is not taking place evenly across all markets. To obtain insight into specific markets, we applied the same metaphoric magnifying glass that we used for the national VODI, but city-by-city. The charts below show each city’s VODI along with their changes compared to 12 months earlier, as they emerge each month. To help view the progression of those changes, we fitted a trend line to them for the period from late 2022–when the spike of new demand for office space subsided at the end of The Reset
Los Angeles
Given the robust growth of new demand for office space in Los Angeles, it should come as no surprise to see a steep positive trend line there.
NEW YORK CITY
Despite some pullback in Q2 of 2024, New York City shows a steady increase in the 12-month VODI change trend line.
Despite some pullback in Q2 of 2024, New York City shows a steady increase in the 12-month VODI change trend line.
BOSTON
While the growth of the Los Angeles VODI and even the New York City VODI is fairly clear, Boston’s VODI is harder to assess. However, the trend line fitted to its 12-month changes helps see that Boston’s VODI is thawing, too. The crossing of the trend line from negative to positive means that the Boston VODI is slowly shifting from decline to growth.
CHICAGO AND SEATTLE
Applying the same exercise to Chicago and Seattle’s VODIs reveals a similar pattern to Boston’s though it is less progressed and still lurking beneath the surface, so to speak. Those cities’ fitted trend lines are just now crossing from negative to positive territory.
San Francisco and Washington, D.C.
Unlike the other VODI cities, new demand for office space in San Francisco and Washington, D.C. does not appear to be thawing (at least not yet). Despite some fluctuations, the fitted trend lines in both cities are essentially flat.
The heavy presence of the TAMI sector in San Francisco, with its stronger embrace of remote and hybrid work, can help explain that city’s VODI performance. Washington, D.C., does not have a similar TAMI presence to San Francisco’s, but both cities stand out for having two of the nation’s most educated workforces, and perhaps that resemblance holds some clues.
In San Francisco, even though demand by square footage has been largely flat, the count of new tenants has shown positive growth, as demand has been driven by smaller tenants. While small tenant requirements don’t add up to as much square footage as larger requirements would, an increasing count of new tenants carries a positive signal as to where the demand for office space might be headed.
National
Local
KEY TAKEAWAYS FROM THIS REPORT
The national VODI is gradually rising. In June, it stood at 62 percent of the 2018-2019 average, a 17 percent increase from a year earlier. This marks the 12th consecutive month of year-over-year growth.
NEXT
New demand for office space bottomed out in late 2022 and early 2023. With remote and hybrid work patterns etching into a new routine, demand is now thawing, and positive momentum is beginning to build.
NEXT
Although the general job market remains healthier than the office-using sector in the VODI markets, the former continued to slowly lose steam in Q2, while the latter may have finally turned a corner.
16.6%
New demand for office space in Los Angeles has roughly doubled over the last five quarters, and in April, it hit 101, surpassing its 2018-2019 average.
NEXT
The indications of gradual new growth in office demand varied across markets, showing up most clearly in Los Angeles and New York City, and altogether absent in San Francisco and Washington, D.C.
NEXT
VTS Office
Demand Index
(VODI)
REPORT
July 2024
The national VODI is gradually rising. In June, it stood at 62 percent of the 2018-2019 average, a 17 percent increase from a year earlier. This marks the 12th consecutive month of year-over-year growth.
Explore nationwide trends
NATIONAL
On an annual basis, the VODI was up 17 percent as of June. This was the 12th consecutive month of positive year-over-year growth in the VODI (while sometimes a sharp jump in an index can cause monthly measures of annual change to persist for 12 months, that is not the case here).
The chart below shows the VODI along with its change compared to 12 months earlier, as it emerges each month. Those changes have been consistently above zero for the last 12 months. In addition, the fitted trend line shows that since late 2022 – when the surge of demand during The Reset subsided – the annual changes in the VODI have gradually risen from negative to positive. That rise corresponds to the gradual upward curvature of the VODI series itself during that period.
In June, the national VODI was 62 percent of its average pre-pandemic level from 2018-2019. This level is down 4.6 percent on a quarterly basis, from 65 in March, however that decline corresponds to typical seasonal patterns. New demand for office space tends to peak in spring and then ebb in the summer months. The VODI’s monthly changes in April, May, and June of this year all fall within the range experienced in those months during the years 2018, 2019, 2022, and 2023 (those months experienced sharp atypical swings in 2020 and 2021, owing to the COVID-19 pandemic).
SEE MORE NATIONAL TRENDS
With the benefit of sufficient hindsight, it now appears that new demand for office space bottomed out in late 2022 and early 2023. The national VODI’s lowest level since The Reset of 2021 was 46, and it hit that level three times: in August 2022, and again in December 2022 and January 2023. Since late 2021, following The Reset, the VODI has experienced a prolonged period of stability, initially called The Stagnation, and whose latest stretch we are now renaming The Thawing.
Observing the VODI, it is possible to pick up some upward curvature. The VODI has switched from a slow decline from late 2021 to late 2022 to a slow ascent since then. We refer to that gradual change of direction and curvature as a thawing of an office market still frozen by the prolonged aftershocks of the COVID-19 pandemic.
View impact on VODI
New demand for office space bottomed out in late 2022 and early 2023. With remote and hybrid work patterns etching into a new routine, demand is now thawing, and positive momentum is beginning to build.
NATIONAL
Since the beginning of 2021, general employment has grown robustly and continuously, but it is slowly losing steam. The pace of growth was extremely high at first, with typical net employment gains of 500,000 to 1 million jobs per month in 2021 as the economy rebounded from the pandemic. Since then, that growth has slowed substantially, with “only” 100,000-300,000 net new jobs per month. Unemployment reached just 3.4 percent in early 2023, the lowest level since the 1960s, but by June 2024, it had risen to 4.1 percent.
In contrast, the office-using sector in the VODI markets has performed more poorly. As of May (the latest available at the time of writing), office-using employment in those markets had actually declined by 3.9 percent since peaking in August 2022.
However, at least for the time being, the office-using sector’s job loss seems to have stopped. While office-using job growth was negative from late 2022 to early 2024, that decline has stopped, and growth has remained almost perfectly flat since then.
Economic and social impacts on VODI
Read more national VODI trends
Although the general job market remains healthier than the office-using sector in the VODI markets, the former continued to slowly lose steam in Q2, while the latter may have finally turned a corner
NATIONAL
Read more
Pre-Pandemic
Read more
The Crash
Read more
The Trough
Read more
The Reset
Read more
The Thawing
Could we be at
inflection point?
Jan '18
Mar '20
Jun '20
Oct '21
Jan '21
Jun '24
New Demand for Office Space
Over the Pandemic: An Illustration
From January 2018 to March 2020, new office demand fluctuated around a level of 100. In some cities, there was a noticeable downward trend in advance of the pandemic: Chicago, Los Angeles, Seattle; in the other cities the VODI was more ambiguous as to whether it was flat or slightly upward trending.
Pre-Pandemic
In Spring 2020 new office demand fell sharply to the “pandemic low.” Nationally, the VODI fell from 102 in March 2020 to 16 in June 2020, a decline of 84 percent. In some cities the sharp fall was followed by a quick v-shaped rise (New York City and Los Angeles); In others, there was a prolonged u-shaped trough (Washington, D.C., San Francisco, Boston, Chicago, and Seattle).
The Crash
From June 2020 through the end of that year, new office demand generally remained very low. In some cities, such as Boston, Chicago, and Washington, D.C., the VODI remained more or less flat during this period. In others, such as San Francisco and Seattle, and most notably in New York City and Chicago, this period saw new office demand begin to recover, foreshadowing the phase that was to follow.
The Trough
After vaccines were introduced in early 2021 a sense of return-to-normalcy pervaded. Nationally, the VODI rose from 33 in January 2021 to 85 in June 2021, as demand that had been waiting on the sidelines during The Trough entered the market all at once in a short period. Once that pent-up demand was spent, the VODI quickly subsided from 87 in August 2021 to 61 in October 2021. Although cities whose economies are more remote work-friendly exhibited substantially lower levels of new office demand, all cities experienced a reset.
The Reset
Since October 2021 the VODI has been seemingly stagnant. It trended downward slightly in the earlier part of the period, and bottomed out in late-2022 and early-2023. Since then, it has slowly begun gaining new momentum.
The Thawing
While the curvature is visible to the naked eye, the fitted trend line showing the average 12-month change in the VODI as it emerges each month is akin to an aided observation of the VODI — a metaphorical magnifying glass or lens, if you will. The trend line’s shift from negative to positive territory is a (lagging) indication of the VODI’s shift from decline to ascent, and its positive slope indicates a build-up of positive momentum.
Remote and hybrid work are likely at the heart of the story; they were the driving force that produced the grand swings of new office demand during the pandemic years. Remote and hybrid work have now settled on a new normal that now anchors the office market.
More than four years after the onset of the pandemic, it is clear that we are in a new normal where working from home – whether fully remote or hybrid – is a permanent facet of the work environment. Even though working from home is on the retreat, it remains far more common than it was before the pandemic, and that seems unlikely to change.
The grand swings of new demand reached their conclusion after late 2022, and the period of stability that has followed since is the new baseline from which new office demand can once again grow. We are seeing that growth emerge.
All that said, the thawing of the office market does not mean that the office market is flooded with new demand for office space. On the contrary, the thawing appears to be slow and gradual. And as we note further below, there are substantial differences in how all that is playing out in different VODI markets.
Read VODI impacts on local markets
Read VODI impacts on local markets
New demand for office space in Los Angeles has roughly doubled over the last five quarters, and in April, it hit 101, surpassing its 2018-2019 average.
LOCAL
The thawing of the office market is not taking place evenly across all markets. To obtain insight into specific markets, we applied the same metaphoric magnifying glass that we used for the national VODI, but city-by-city. The charts below show each city’s VODI along with their changes compared to 12 months earlier, as they emerge each month. To help view the progression of those changes, we fitted a trend line to them for the period from late 2022–when the spike of new demand for office space subsided at the end of The Reset.
Read more local VODI trends
Read more local VODI trends
The indications of gradual new growth in office demand varied across markets, showing up most clearly in Los Angeles and New York City, and altogether absent in San Francisco and Washington, D.C.
LOCAL
Get a pulse on what’s happening in the market today.
See VODI Methodology
Learn more about VTS Data
Los Angeles
NEW YORK CITY
Despite some pullback in Q2 of 2024, New York City shows a steady increase in the 12-month VODI change trend line.
BOSTON
While the growth of the Los Angeles VODI and even the New York City VODI is fairly clear, Boston’s VODI is harder to assess. However, the trend line fitted to its 12-month changes helps see that Boston’s VODI is thawing, too. The crossing of the trend line from negative to positive means that the Boston VODI is slowly shifting from decline to growth.
CHICAGO AND SEATTLE
Applying the same exercise to Chicago and Seattle’s VODIs reveals a similar pattern to Boston’s though it is less progressed and still lurking beneath the surface, so to speak. Those cities’ fitted trend lines are just now crossing from negative to positive territory.
San Francisco and Washington, D.C.
Unlike the other VODI cities, new demand for office space in San Francisco and Washington, D.C. does not appear to be thawing (at least not yet). Despite some fluctuations, the fitted trend lines in both cities are essentially flat.
The heavy presence of the TAMI sector in San Francisco, with its stronger embrace of remote and hybrid work, can help explain that city’s VODI performance. Washington, D.C., does not have a similar TAMI presence to San Francisco’s, but both cities stand out for having two of the nation’s most educated workforces, and perhaps that resemblance holds some clues.
In San Francisco, even though demand by square footage has been largely flat, the count of new tenants has shown positive growth, as demand has been driven by smaller tenants. While small tenant requirements don’t add up to as much square footage as larger requirements would, an increasing count of new tenants carries a positive signal as to where the demand for office space might be headed.
Copyright View the Space, Inc. 2023
BACK TO TOP
METHODOLOGY
Jan '23
